Introduction
Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common disorder which refers the disturbance of the normal menstrual bleeding range. In adolescent patients, there are several reasons; including anovulatory cycles which are related to immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, pregnancy related bleeding, thyroid dysfunction, hypothalamic dysfunction, bleeding disorders and hormonal contraception (1). Cervical polyps are the benign growths of the cervix which commonly occur especially after the age of 40 (2). The etiology is unknown. It may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding as post-coital or inter-menstrual bleeding. Endometriosis is the existence of the endometrial gland and the stroma outside of the uterine cavity. It is a benign, estrogen dependent, inflammatory disease with an incidence of 5-15 % in reproductive age (3). The lesions are commonly located in the ovaries, peritoneum, uterosacral ligament, cul-de-sac, bladder and bowel (4). Cervix is the rare location of the endometriosis which is usually detected in microscopic evaluation with an incidence of 0.2% (5).
We aimed to represent a case of cervical polypoid endometriosis because it is only detected in a few patients in the literature. She was the youngest in the literature and treated with operative hysteroscope without any complication. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publishing the individual medical records.
Case Report
Twenty-year-old patient admitted to gynecology clinic with active vaginal bleeding for 20 days and prolapsed lesion seen from the introitus of the vagina. Patient has mental retardation and seizures since infancy. Parents of the patient specified that she had vaginal bleeding or spotting for 20 days and sudden episodes of shouting during menstruation period. Recognizing the bloody lesion from the vaginal introitus caused them admit to the hospital. Patient was sexually inactive thus speculum examination and bimanual gynecologic examination were unable to be performed. Vaginal introitus was seen by opening labium majora, minora widely and bloody polypoid lesion that lied through the proximal part of the vagina. Her menstruation started at age of 14 and no hormonal medicine usage was detected in the history. Her mother did not use diethylstilbestrol during her pregnancy. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging relieved that the patient had pelvic kidney, uterus bicornis and multiple polypoid lesions within the vagina related with the anterior lip of the cervix and reached till the introitus of the vagina (Figure 1). Informed consent was obtained and vaginoscopy evaluation was planned. Five mm hysteroscope was used and revealed that cervical polyp in 5 cm length which was originated from the anterior lip of the cervix. Vagina was filled by glycine and polypectomy was performed with operative hysteroscopy which was 9 mm in diameter by using monopolar electrosurgical device. Lesion was in 5 cm x 3 cm x 1 cm in size, cystic nature and contained brownish/blackish areas (Figure 2). No complication and bleeding was occurred and hymen was determined intact and undamaged (Figure 2). Pathologic evaluation reported that cervical polyp including endometriotic areas with CD10 positive and Ki67 expression was reported as 10% in immunohistochemical evaluation (Figure 3, 4, 5, 6).
Discussion
Endocervical polyps are benign and common disease in gynecology. Although etiology is not clear, microscopic clues are thought to be an inflammatory process because of the squamous metaplasia, dilated cervical glands with chronic inflammation cells (2). It may cause vaginal discharge and bleeding owing to the ulceration of the epithelium and secretion from the glands (6). The hallmark of our case is the age of the patient and being sexually inactive. Patient had no property to have chronic inflammatory exposure thus metaplasia or genetic basis could play a role in etiology. She had Mullerian Anomaly and pelvic kidney. This genetic basis and metaplasia theory can also explain the existence of the endometriosis in cervical polyp. In 1927 Sampson (7) suggested the retrograde menstruation theory to explain the peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis. This is also acceptable as endometrial cells during menstruation can immigrate to cervical polyp in our case to clarify endometriosis existence in cervical polyp. The other theories which are cholemic metaplasia and induction theory which defends hormonal, biological and genetic factors can differentiate the cells to endometrial cells and generate endometriosis (8).
Cervical endometriosis is rare and usually detected retrospectively with pathologic evaluation after excision operations like conization, loop electrosurgical excision procedure or hysterectomy (5). Endometriosis in cervical polyp has reported in only a few case reports in the literature. We have reviewed only six reports in literature. Our patient is the youngest comparing all case reports and only one of these six patients is sexually inactive like our patient (9-14). Endometriosis in cervical polyp causes the symptoms of endometriosis and polyp like; vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding or spotting, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and post-coital bleeding. Diagnosis is easy for polyp which is speculum examination yet pathologic evaluation is obligatory for endometriosis. Huge protruding masses can mimic cervical, endometrial or vaginal malignancies. We could not perform speculum examination because of the virginity of the patient. Abnormal vaginal bleeding should be analyzed precisely. In children and adolescent patients, trauma or child abuse should be primarily excluded. Pregnancy and anovulatory cycles are the most common reasons of the abnormal vaginal bleeding. Ultrasonography or MRI can be performed to visualize cervical polyps. We performed MRI to understand the origin, borders or invasion of the lesion to have an opinion about malignancies. After MRI report revealed multiple lesions we also queried diethylstilbestrol exposure whether these lesions were associated with vaginal adenosis although diethylstilbestrol was withdrawn in early 1980’s.
Vaginoscopy with hysteroscope is minimal invasive procedure which provides adequate and perfect view of the vagina. Hysteroscope which is in 5 mm or 9 mm diameter, appeared to be safe and feasible for sexually inactive patients. Vaginoscopy and hysteroscopy are not only diagnostic but also therapeutic tools for gynecology. It is the fact that informed consent should be taken and possibilities of the complications should be explained. Experienced surgeons and meticulous approach will definitely decrease the complications.
In conclusion; abnormal vaginal bleeding should be examined precisely. Cervical polyp and endometriosis in polyp should be kept in mind in patients with lesions protruding from introitus or filling vagina even in young patients. Excision procedure is obligatory for especially symptomatic patients to exclude any malignancies and treatment can be performed with hysteroscope.
Ethics
Informed Consent: An informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Authorship Contributions
Concept: A.A., Design: A.M.E., Data Collection or Processing: A.A., Analysis or Interpretation: Ö.D.T., Literature Search: D.Ş., Materials: G.E.B., Writing: D.Ş.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.